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The true story of a vigilante group of Holocaust survivors who
conspired to kill six million Germans Nakam (Hebrew for
"vengeance") tells the story of "the Avengers" (Nokmim), a group of
young Holocaust survivors led by poet and resistance fighter Abba
Kovner, who undertook a mission of revenge against Germany
following the crimes of the Holocaust. Motivated by both the
atrocities they had endured and the realization that murderous
antisemitic attacks on survivors continued long after the Nazi
surrender, these fifty young men and women sought retaliation at a
level commensurate with the devastation caused by the Holocaust,
making clear to the world that Jewish blood would no longer be shed
with impunity. Had they been successful, they would have poisoned
city water supplies and loaves of bread distributed to German POWs,
with the aim of killing six million Germans. Kovner and his
followers went to great lengths to carry out their plans, going so
far as to obtain the schematics for Nuremberg's municipal water
system, secure large quantities of poison, infiltrate a POW camp
and the bakery that supplied it, and distribute poisoned bread to
prisoners—but their plots were ultimately stymied. Most of the
members of Nakam eventually returned to Israel, where for decades
many of them refused to speak publicly about their roles in the
group. While the Avengers' story began to come to light in the
1980s, details of the relations between the group and Zionist
leadership and the motivations of its members have remained
unknown. Drawing on rich archival sources and in-depth interviews
with the Avengers in their later years, historian Dina Porat
examines the formation of the group and the clash between the
formative humanistic values held by its members and their
unrealized plans for violent retribution.
Today's highly fraught historical moment brings a resurgence of
antisemitism. Antisemitic incidents of all kinds are on the rise
across the world, including hate speech, the spread of neo-Nazi
graffiti and other forms of verbal and written threats, the
defacement of synagogues and Jewish cemeteries, and acts of
murderous terror. Contending with Antisemitism in a Rapidly
Changing Political Climate is an edited collection of 18 essays
that address antisemitism in its new and resurgent forms. Against a
backdrop of concerning political developments such as rising
nationalism and illiberalism on the right, new forms of intolerance
and anti-liberal movements on the left, and militant deeds and
demands by Islamic extremists, the contributors to this timely and
necessary volume seek to better understand and effectively contend
with today's antisemitism.
Today's highly fraught historical moment brings a resurgence of
antisemitism. Antisemitic incidents of all kinds are on the rise
across the world, including hate speech, the spread of neo-Nazi
graffiti and other forms of verbal and written threats, the
defacement of synagogues and Jewish cemeteries, and acts of
murderous terror. Contending with Antisemitism in a Rapidly
Changing Political Climate is an edited collection of 18 essays
that address antisemitism in its new and resurgent forms. Against a
backdrop of concerning political developments such as rising
nationalism and illiberalism on the right, new forms of intolerance
and anti-liberal movements on the left, and militant deeds and
demands by Islamic extremists, the contributors to this timely and
necessary volume seek to better understand and effectively contend
with today's antisemitism.
The five volumes provide a compendium of the history of and
discourse about antisemitism - both as a unique cultural and
religious category. Antisemitic stereotypes function as religious
symbols that express and transmit a belief system of Jew-hatred,
which are stored in the cultural and religious memories of the
Western and Muslim worlds. This volume explores the phenomenon from
the perspectives of Philosophy and Social Sciences.
This volume provides a compendium of the history of and discourse
about antisemitism - both as a unique cultural and religious
category. Antisemitic stereotypes function as religious symbols
that express and transmit a belief system of Jew-hatred, which are
stored in the cultural and religious memories of the Western and
Muslim worlds, migrating freely between Christian, Muslim and other
religious symbolic systems.
"The Fall of a Sparrow" is the only full biography in English of
the partisan, poet, and patriot Abba Kovner (1918-1987). An unsung
and largely unknown hero of the Second World War and Israel's War
of Independence, Kovner was born in Vilna, "the Jerusalem of
Lithuania." Long before the rest of the world suspected, he was the
first person to state that Hitler was planning to kill the Jews of
Europe. Kovner and other defenders of the Vilna ghetto, only hours
before its destruction, escaped to the forest to join the partisans
fighting the Nazis. Returning after the Liberation to find Vilna
empty of Jews, he immigrated to Israel, wehre he devised a
fruitless plot to take revenge on the Germans. He then joined the
Israeli army and served as the Givati Brigade's Information
Officer, writing "Battle Notes," newsletters that inspired the
troops defending Tel Aviv. After the war, Kovner settled on a
kibbutz and dedicated his life to working the land, writing poetry,
and raising a family. He was also the moving force behind such
projects as the Diaspora Museum and the Institute for the
Translation of Hebrew Literature. "The Fall of a Sparrow" is based
on countless interviews with people who knew Kovner, and letters
and archival material that have never been translated before.
This remarkable chronicle of life and death in the Jewish Ghetto of
Kovno, Lithuania, from June 1941 to January 1944, was written under
conditions of extreme danger by a Ghetto inmate and secretary of
the Jewish Council. After the war, in order to escape from
Lithuania, the author was forced to entrust the diary to leaders of
the Escape movement; eventually it made its way to his new home in
Israel. The diary incorporates Avraham Tory's collections of
official documents, Jewish Council reports, and original
photographs and drawings made in the Ghetto. It depicts in grim
detail the struggle for survival under Nazi domination, when-if not
simply carted off and murdered in a random "action"-Jews were
exploited as slave labor while being systematically starved and
denied adequate housing and medical care. Through it all, Tory's
overriding purpose was to record the unimaginable events of these
years and to memorialize the determination of the Jews to sustain
their community life in the midst of the Nazi terror. Of the
surviving diaries originating in the principal European Ghettos of
this period, Tory's is the longest written by an adult, a dramatic
and horrifying document that makes an invaluable contribution to
contemporary history. Tory provides an insider's view of the
desperate efforts of Ghetto leaders to protect Jews. Martin
Gilbert's masterly introduction establishes the authenticity of the
diary, presents its events against the backdrop of the war in
Europe, and considers the crucial questions of collaboration and
resistance.
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